Critical Inquiry Exam 2 Practice

These questions are part of the practice quiz. Start practicing

• Which term characterizes a tool that uses validated predictor variables to guide diagnosis, prognosis, treatment, or referral?
• Confidence intervals are normally expressed at which percentile levels, and what does that imply?
• Which describes the relationship between conceptual definitions and operational definitions?
• What are 2x2 tables used for in diagnostic studies?
• To compare means across more than two groups, which test is typically used?
• Inter-rater reliability is defined as which of the following?
• What is the SpPin rule?
• What is attrition in experiments and why does it matter?
• What are several factors that the length of follow-up depends on?
• What is a control group and why essential in experimental designs?
• Posttest probability describes the probability of having the condition after testing.
• Which design is best described as data collected at a single point in time to estimate prevalence?
• What is a confounding variable and how can randomized experiments mitigate it?
• Which statement best captures content validity?
• Homoscedasticity refers to what?
• Which example best illustrates an operational definition for 'social support'?
• Which statement describes a convergent parallel mixed-methods design?
• Define specificity.
• Define Efficacy.
• What is a null hypothesis and how is it used in hypothesis testing?
• What is a confounding variable?
• In a study where data are collected at multiple time points from the same subjects, this design is called:
• A range of motion measurement with a goniometer is typically which data scale?
• Define retrospective studies.
• Which method is commonly used to detect heteroscedasticity in a regression model?
• Which of the following is NOT a method to strengthen validity?
• Define cross-sectional studies.
• Which statement about construct validity is accurate?
• What does 'intention-to-treat analysis' mean?
• Which statement about descriptive statistics is true?
• Define longitudinal studies.
• Reliability is measured by what?
• What experimental design is considered the gold standard?
• Define standard deviation.
• Which definition best describes nominal scales?
• Triangulation in qualitative research is defined as
• Differentiate between confounding control variables and statistical control in analysis.
• Explain the meaning and interpretation of a 95% confidence interval for a mean.
• CPR are often described as?
• Do we want the confidence interval to be narrow or wide?
• Which threat to internal validity is most directly reduced by random assignment?
• Which statistic best indicates how much a test result changes the likelihood of disease?
• Which statement differentiates a research question from a hypothesis?
• What does reflexivity involve in qualitative research?
• What does reliability of measures describe?
• What defines internal validity in experimental designs?
• What does a systematic review aim to achieve?
• What are 3 ways to strengthen validity?
• Which of the following best describes the components included in descriptive statistics related to central tendency and distribution?
• A study shows high efficacy in a controlled setting but limited effectiveness in practice due to patient variability. This illustrates the difference between which two concepts?
• In a study comparing treated and non-treated groups, should the groups be of equal intensity?
• Which factor is most directly used to determine if an intervention could be feasibly implemented in a typical patient setting?
• Define prospective studies.
• Which statement describes a threat to external validity?
• Which sequence correctly represents CPR design steps?
• Which definition best describes ordinal scales?
• Which statement correctly describes the effect of a high positive likelihood ratio?
• Which data scale has categories that are ordered but distances between ranks are not uniform?
• Power analysis factors include which elements?
• Which statement about deductive reasoning in qualitative inquiry is most accurate?
• Compare qualitative data collection methods (interviews, focus groups, observations) in terms of data richness and potential biases.
• A lower negative likelihood ratio makes a negative test result more effective at what?
• Convergent validity is demonstrated when a measure...
• Which statement is false about the CPR design steps?
• Which statement accurately describes reliability and validity?
• What is the role of ethics in critical inquiry?
• Known-groups validity is used to assess construct validity by...
• What term defines the probability that a patient has the condition after a test is applied?
• What is the most commonly agreed upon p-value or alpha level?
• Quality depends on which aspect of the study?
• Which statement correctly distinguishes a mediator from a moderator?
• What is the difference between efficacy and effectiveness?
• What is the difference between sensitivity and specificity?
• Which statement best describes random assignment and its threats in experiments?
• Which statistic is commonly used to analyze categorical data?
• Reliability versus validity in qualitative coding: which statement is most accurate?
• True/False: When reading an intervention study, it is often best to read through the results first.
• What is the first step in the multistep process for designing CPR?
• What method helps ensure groups are similar at baseline in an intervention study?
• Which practice helps minimize bias by keeping people unaware of group assignment?
• Which statement captures the benefits of pre-registration?
• Which statement contrasts prospective and retrospective studies?
• In a normal distribution, which set lists the correct percentages within one, two, and three standard deviations?
• Which statement about randomization is true?
• Which statement correctly describes the null hypothesis in hypothesis testing?
• Where is the purpose of an intervention study normally found?
• Best statistic for reliability for continuous data (ratio or interval) is which term?
• What is the primary purpose of a power analysis?
• Define Effectiveness.
• What technique is central to grounded theory that involves comparing data across cases?
• Define Power.
• What is grounded theory and what is its key analytic goal?
• What is the primary purpose of randomization in randomized controlled trials?
• Which analysis assigns subjects to the groups they were randomized to?
• Which statement about power is true?
• Name four descriptive statistics and what they convey about a data set.
• How are pretest and posttest probabilities related?
• What is the primary role of validated predictor variables within CPR?
• Which element is typically described in the methods section regarding the intervention?
• What is selective sampling?
• What is the main purpose of descriptive statistics?
• What is a literature map or concept map and how does it aid the review process?
• Which description matches ratio scales?
• In the context of statistical power, what is most likely in an underpowered study when a real difference exists?
• How do you assess the risk of bias in nonrandomized studies?
• What do descriptive statistics do?
• If there is a high probability that results are due to chance, can you conclude that the treatment was the reason?
• Ratio and interval scales are often referred to as which type of data?
• Which example best illustrates a longitudinal panel study?
• CPR stands for what?
• What is the final step in the CPR design process after validation?
• Which statement best describes Likelihood Ratios?
• Which statement best defines effect modification (interaction) in a study?
• Which term describes the applicability of study results to routine clinical practice?
• What does a p-value indicate in hypothesis testing?
• Ratio and interval scales are often referred to as which type of data?
• Confounding is best described as a phenomenon where a nuisance variable is associated with which of the following?
• When a sample is smaller it is less likely a difference will be found, this means the sample is what?
• Which statement about Type I and Type II errors is correct?
• Confidence intervals are commonly expressed at which percentile levels?
• Intra-rater reliability is defined as which of the following?
• Distinguish between credibility and transferability as trustworthiness criteria in qualitative research.
• What is the SnOut rule?
• Used to compare results of more than two groups
• What do Likelihood Ratios fundamentally describe?
• Which statement best describes reliability and validity and names a common reliability coefficient?
• What is NNT?
• Which type of statistics is used to determine whether observed effects are likely due to chance?
• Define CI.
• In qualitative research, which criterion concerns applicability of findings to other contexts?
• How do literature reviews and theoretical frameworks differ in guiding a study?
• Which statement about mediators is most accurate?
• Define sensitivity.
• If a test has high sensitivity but low specificity, which statement best describes false positives and false negatives?
• Which statement is true about mediators and moderators?
• Where is the study population normally found in an intervention study?
• What is the purpose of a data handling plan in research ethics?
• In a 2x2 diagnostic table, if the gold standard is positive and the clinical test is positive, this cell is called:
• Outline the basic steps of grounded theory coding in order.
• Likert-type items are an example of which scale?
• Which analysis approach includes all participants in the groups to which they were randomized, regardless of whether they completed the intervention?
• Which design follows participants over time to assess changes?
• What is data cleaning and why is it critical before analysis?
• What is the process of determining who might benefit from the intervention studied called?
• Which statement best distinguishes random sampling from convenience sampling and its implications for generalizability?
• Triangulation in mixed-methods studies serves to?
• The higher the +LR is, the more likely it is that the patient has the condition if they have a ________ test.
• What term describes the probability that a patient has the condition before a test is applied?
• Which statement about NNT is true?
• Which statement best describes what a likelihood ratio expresses?
• What are the assumptions underlying a one-way ANOVA?
• Which statement accurately describes descriptive statistics and inferential statistics?
• What is the difference between p-value and effect size?
• Where are the results of an intervention study normally found?
• Used to compare multiple measures from the same group
• Which statement correctly contrasts reliability and validity in qualitative coding?
• Which of the following best describes descriptive, inferential, and predictive statistics?
• How does effect size complement p-values in interpreting study results?
• What does reliability of measures refer to?
• Which is a measure of central tendency?
• What is a sampling frame?
• Which statement correctly lists common regression assumptions related to residuals?
• What does thick description provide?
• What does 'threats to validity' mean?
• How does a t-test differ from an ANOVA?
• Outline the main stages of qualitative coding from data to theme development.
• Cohen's kappa is used to assess what?
• Name two core ethical principles.
• What are 3 examples of 'threats to validity'?
• Define Number Needed to Treat (NNT) according to the material.
• What is the SpPin rule?
• External validity concerns generalizability across which domains?
• Define operationalization and provide an example.
• In a 2x2 table, the gold standard is negative and the clinical test is negative. This cell is called:
• What is data triangulation in qualitative research?
• For a result to be clinically important, what two things must happen?
• What does meta-analysis do?
• Which of the following is a mixed-methods design widely used in practice?
• Which experimental design adds validity to the study, reduces one form of bias, helps ensure that all groups will be equal at the start of the study, and designed to evaluate efficacy of an intervention?
• True/False: Treaters should not be testers.
• Group differences, people, machines, and instruments can all introduce what into the results?
• Which criterion documents the chain of evidence from data to conclusions?
• Which description matches interval scales?
• What is the purpose of an IRB and common elements of an ethical review?
• What does the methods section of an intervention study contain?
• Used to compare means and remove a contributing factor
• Used to compare the means of two groups
• Which data scale is described as ordered precisely and continuously with no meaningful zero value?
• Which statistic is used to determine the likelihood that observed results occurred by chance?
• What are the 3 main points to determine applicability of an intervention study?
• To compare the means of two independent groups, which test would you use?
• The impact study in CPR development aims to assess what?